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The
International Simposium"Euro-ECO Hannover 2006", thesises of
report
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UDC
628.543:666.98
MODERN
TECHNOLOGY OF WATER SURFACE CLEANUP
A.
A. SHALAGINOV
Research
Institute for Marine Systems, Ltd.,
St. Petersburg, Russia
At present day, due to the increasing volumes of oil products transported,
as well as the continuously increasing international circulation of goods
and the growing number of ships sailing the world's oceans and seas (taking
into account the cost effectiveness and fairly high reliability of maritime
transport and the shoreline location of exporting countries), the problem
of removing oil spills and other scum or floating debris from the water
surface is extremely relevant.
Therefore, to enable more effective pollution removal, larger operating
areas, reduced time required for removing contaminants, higher reliability
during removing oil spills or floating debris from the water surface,
as well as simple mechanization of the appliances used, the present work
offers several devices referred to as "apparatuses for removing contaminants
from the surface of water". As for the capacity of the apparatuses,
it can be said that, all other things being equal, the application of
such devices enables more ecologically efficient removal of contaminants
from an area of 5 -7 ha, with minimum overhead costs, thereby ensuring
not only faster cleanup of water surface, but also thousands of saved
marine inhabitants.
The devices are simple in design, easy to manufacture, efficient and reliable
during operation and require no special training for the operating personnel.
A few designs of modern devices for removing contaminants from bodies
of water are presented in this work.
UDC 621.316.546
NEW
HEAVY-CURRENT CONTACT SYSTEMS DESIGNED FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
A.
A. SHALAGINOV.
Research
Institute for Marine Systems, Ltd.,
St. Petersburg, Russia
At present, due to
the depletion of the natural resources of silver (generally used for coating
contacts in electrical equipment) and the increasing capacities of the
power-consuming industries that require more and more heavy-current contact
systems (which adds to the shortage of silver), the production of heavy-current
contact systems with non-silvered contacts is a live issue.
The present work offers new designs for electrical equipment heavy-current
contact systems with non-silvered contacts. For electrical contact connections
of a new type, composite liquid-metal contacts are used. Among other things,
heavy-current liquid-metal contact systems have a number of advantages,
such as lower consumption of liquid metal, considerable energy savings,
higher switching capacity, simplified operation of the drive mechanism,
and slightly modified constructions as compared with the existing electrical
equipment.
The designs of heavy-current contact systems for electrical equipment
presented in this work are protected by patents of Russian Federation.
UDC 621.357.1:621.316.53
APPLICATION
OF CONDUCTIVE LUBRICANTS IN COMMON INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS
A.
A. SHALAGINOV
Research
Institute for Marine Systems, Ltd.,
St. Petersburg, Russia
It is well known
that such advantages as considerably reduced and stabilized electrical
resistance, lower electrical loss, lower contact temperature, as well
as more uniform distribution of the current in the intercell busbar contact
systems used at chemical plants, are achieved by using conductive lubricants.
At the same time it is known that the contacts of the electrical facilities
used in common industrial networks have similar disadvantages. Furthermore,
according to the data from All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection
(VNIIPO), 50 per cent of fires in industrial premises and housing areas
are caused by faulty electrical equipment. And 50 per cent of fires that
occur in electrical equipment are due to contact failures. Therefore,
for reducing and regulating electrical resistance in any bolted metal
contact connections of power or lighting equipment and communication systems,
as well as for saving energy to a considerable degree, the SCL-90, SCL-150
and SCL-250 conductive lubricants can be used.
Moreover, using the SCL-90, SCL-150 and SCL-250 conductive lubricants
allows: a) increased performance reliability of electrical equipment;
b) larger service life of electrical equipment; c) saved money when paying
for electrical energy; d) corrosion-resistant and fireproof coating on
metal surfaces. Application of SCL-90 (for movable contacts) to "the
electrode wheel and contact roller of the machine ensures normal temperature
regime of the welding unit in operation and provides overheat control",
while "using it in contact blocks of traveling cranes notably reduces
contact arcing and, consequently, keeps contacts from burning or sticking
in extreme operating regimes, especially during short and frequent start/stop
cycles".
Therefore, using conductive lubricants today is a requirement sufficient
for effective operation of common industrial networks, as well as those
used in housing and non-housing areas.
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The
International Symposium "Euro-ECO - Hanover 2007" : Environmental
and
Engineering Aspects for Sustainable Living 4-5 December 2007.
thesises
of report
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EVALUATION
OF TECHNICAL CONDITION AND DEVELOPMENT
OF ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT HEAVY-CURRENT CONTACT
SYSTEMS OF ELECTROLYZERS
A. A. SHALAGINOV
Research Institute
for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
The
aim of the present study is the evaluation of technical condition and
development of new economically efficient heavy-current contact systems
(HCCS) of electrolyzers in chemical industry.
Evaluation of the technical condition of the HCCS of interpot and angular
busbar for electrolyzers has been performed in the electrowinning plants
of a number of chemical industrial enterprises by measuring the voltage
drop and checking of compliance of the acquired values to the branch
standard OST 6-01-39-83 entitled "Electrical Contact Connections
of Electrolyzer Busbars in Chemical Industry" and the trade standards.
The research has been conducted on HCCSs of electrolyzers type BGK-100
designed for rated current of 100 kA and electrolyzers type BGK-50/25
designed for rated current of 50 kA. Thus, for electrolyzers type BGK-100
with rated current of 100 kA the limit voltage drop value shall equal
33 mV, and for electrolyzers type BGK-50/25 with rated current of 50
kA the limit voltage drop value shall equal 23 mV in compliance with
the branch standard OST. All the voltage drop value measurements were
taken down into the test record sheets, and the values were used as
basis for drawing the characteristic curves for parallel bars of interpot
busbar for electrolyzers N as function of voltage drop U. The results
of research conducted at chemical enterprises have shown complete noncompliance
of the voltage drop on HCCS with the requirements listed in OST. Thus
a decision was taken to develop a package of measures aimed at decreasing
the voltage drop and its compliance with the OST. The research required
selection of several test HCCSs of electrolyzers types BGK-100 and BGK-50/25,
part of them compiled to the traditional technology, and another part
compiled with diverse improvements, using various conductive pastes
and lubricants. HCCS research has been performed in the course of several
years, all the measurements were taken down into the test record sheets,
and these were used as basis for drawing the characteristic curves for
voltage drop U as function of time t. Experimental dependences based
on characteristic curves were calculated using least square method;
these allow to determine the electrical resistance of HCCS R of the
electrolyzers in the given time interval t. The results have shown that
the curves acquired match the experimental data.
RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL CONTACTS
A. A. SHALAGINOV
Research Institute
for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
The
aim of the present study is the development of a specialized technology
to increase operation reliability of electrical contacts.
It is well known, that in compliance with the data provided by the Fire
Safety Research Institute (VNIIPO), 50% of inflammability cases at industrial
enterprises and private housing result from faulty electrical installations.
At that 50% of fires on electrical equipment are associated with breakage
of electrical contacts (EC).
Thus, one of the most facilitated, inexpensive and reliable means for
assuring fire safety, provided for application by our company, are the
super conductive lubricants SCL-90 (operational temperature 90 degrees
С); SCL-150 (150 degrees С); SCL-250 (250 degrees С). The super conductive
lubricants (SCL) provide for increase of effective contact surface area
to reach its actual size, which provides for significant decrease and
stabilization of electrical resistance within a continuous period of
time. At that, due to the qualities of the SCL, hermetic quality of
the contact connection area is achieved, as well as practically complete
restriction of ambient air and penetration of various chemically active
elements: chlorine, water, oxygen, etc. As a result growth of extraneous
film in the area of the contact connection terminates. Application of
SCL to electrical contacts provides for significant decrease and stabilization
of electrical resistance, more equal distribution of current over parallel
current leads and busses, lower reheat temperature, decreased electricity
loss, increased lifetime and time between preventive maintenance inspections
and electrical contacts repair operations, as well as assuring of reliable
and failure-free operation of the electrical equipment at industrial
enterprises.
At the same time, it is necessary to pay due attention to the operational
temperature of the electrical contacts while the above listed results
need to be acquired, as well as application of SCL in the EC, designed
for operational reheat temperatures exceeding the actual reheat temperature
of the EC with a margin and further continuous periodic visual check
of the EC reheat temperature. The proposed technology increasing reliability
of the EC operation completes the required tasks fully and successfully
and may be used at industrial enterprises in various branches of industry,
also including chemical industry and metallurgy.
NEW DESIGNS FOR HEAVY-CURRENT CONTACT SYSTEMS WITH COMPOSITE LIQUID-METAL
CONTACTS OF THE ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
A. A. SHALAGINOV
Research Institute
for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
The
aim of the present study is the development of new designs for heavy-current
contact systems (HCCS) with composite liquid-metal contacts (CLMC) for
electrical apparatus.
It is well known, that CLMC possess a whole suite of advantages:
" Operational lifetime 3000 - 5000 switch on/off operations (ON
- OFF) and more;
" 100% savings on silver;
" Savings on liquid metal;
" Minimum transient resistance;
" Minimum electrical power loss;
" Minimum press force;
" Absence of electrodynamic reject forces;
" Absence of such phenomena, as welding, vibration and sealing
of contacts;
" Increased pitch to horizon poorly influences the CLMC resistance;
" Possibility to easily associate with the existing electrical
apparatus;
" Easy operation and repair maintenance;
Because of the above, the task of developing new design of HCCS with
CLMC for modern electrical apparatus appears to be of high priority.
Shalaginov's designs of HCCS Nos. 4 - 7 are presented in the present
study. These HCCS designs were developed to ensure further increase
in rated current value, decrease of transient resistance, growing reliability,
simplified design and longer operational lifetime. In this regard, the
electrical contact between the side surfaces of the inner cavities of
the fixed bridge and the contact element in these systems is performed
in different ways: For HCCS No. 2 this is realized by means of roller
contacts and for HCCS No. 5 - via liquid metal, for HCCS No. 6 - by
means of flexible metallic bonding, for HCCS No. 7 - by means of flexible
metallic bonding and a pressure arrangement, located at a similar side.
Based on the results of the research accomplished these designs of HCCS
with CLMC may be recommended for application in electrical apparatus,
specified for chemical industry, metallurgy and other segments of industry.
IMPROVED DESIGN
FOR HEAVY-CURRENT CONTACT SYSTEMS WITH COMPOSITE LIQUID-METAL CONTACTS
OF THE ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
A. A. SHALAGINOV
Research Institute
for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
The
aim of the present study is the development of an improved design for
heavy-current contact systems (HCCS) with composite liquid-metal contacts
(CLMC) for electrical apparatus.
It is well known that HCCS with CLMC for electrical apparatus possess
a number of advantages which make development of these structures holds
great potential and shows up-to-date. Among the advantages: absence
of welding, vibration and electrodynamic rejection of contacts, etc.
At the same time HCCS with CLMC possess some disadvantages, these being
ignored may lead to serious breakdowns of electrical apparatus, especially
in critical operational sectors, for instance, as operation of shunting
switches at reduction areas of chemical and metallurgical industrial
enterprises, where the technological procedure is constant in the course
of the year with not halts with maximum rated current value aimed at
maximum productivity and gain. Such disadvantages also include relatively
low liquid metal solidification temperature measuring to an average
of +10 degrees С. Thus, in order for normal and failure free operation
of HCCS with CLMC for electrical apparatus to be ensured, improvements
are required aimed at, for one thing, start co-functioning with the
electrical apparatus at an earlier stage to heat up the liquid metal
to operational temperature; secondly, constantly maintain the temperature
above solidification temperature level in the course of the operation
of the electrical apparatus and possible deenergizing, and, in the third
place, depending on the ambient air temperature, adjust and provide
possibility of maintaining this temperature within the limits ensuring
operational condition of the liquid metal. Besides, electronic gauges
to constantly display basic values to the operators are necessary. Among
such basic values are the reheat temperature of the CLMC, fixed and
movable contacts, cooling liquid at input and output, voltage drop value,
and others. All these items shall ensure correct and timely control
of operation of the HCCS with CLMC for electrical apparatus simultaneously
for compliance with several basic parameters and, thus, make operation
failure-free.
MEANS FOR IMPROVING TRANSIENT RESISTANCE
OF ELECTRICAL CONTACTS
A. A. SHALAGINOV
Research Institute
for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
The
aim of the present study is the investigation of means for improving
transient resistance of electrical contacts to improve reliability,
simplify operation of the service personnel, and decrease fire safety
of electrical equipment at industrial enterprises.
In compliance with the data currently provided by the Fire Safety Research
Institute (VNIIPO), 50% of inflammability cases at industrial facilities
result from faulty electrical installations. Half of the fires on electrical
installations are associated with faults of electrical contacts. Suffice
it to say, two largest fires - that of Ostankino television tower in
Moscow and Vasilyevskiy Island substation in St. Petersburg - are to
a large extent connected to failure of electrical contacts. Interruption
of power supply in a number of districts in Moscow is substantially
resulting from poor condition of contact connections. In this regard,
the task described above is especially crucial today.
The following means for improving transient resistance for fixed and
movable electrical contacts are provided by our company:
1. Conductive pastes and lubricants (super conductive lubricant SCL);
2. Composite liquid-metal contacts (CLMC) based on gallium alloy;
3. Specialized pressure arrangements and specialized hold-down nuts;
4. Conductor materials and alloys of the following types:AD, AD0, AD1,
AD31T, etc.;
5. Welded and semiwelded contact connections;
6 various types of solder: Hot-dip coating of solder POTS-80 with ultrasound,
for solder А
7. Various types of metal coatings: Galvanization, cadmium plating,
nickel plating, etc.
8. Various types of contact connections: Hard, flexible, and combined.
9. Use of simplified and reliable means for connecting electrical installations.
These means for improving transient resistance as separate measures,
as well as those applied in groups may significantly improve transient
resistance and, thus, increase reliability of operation of electrical
contacts, simplify operation of service personnel, decrease risks of
fire for the electrical equipment at industrial enterprises.
STAND-ALONE POWER PLANTS
A. A. SHALAGINOV
Research Institute
for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
At
present the problem of search for stand-alone electrical energy sources
is of particular significance. This especially refers to search for
alternative power sources: waterborne (rivers, lakes, water reservoirs,
the vast of sea and ocean) where standard solutions can not lead to
a necessary result due to remote location from coastline, significant
depth, unknown sea-floor relief and a number of other factors.
Thus, stand-alone seaborne power plants (SASPP) are offered as an alternative
electrical power supply source, where energy of water is used as impellent
power to rotate the generators.
SASPP shall be divided into the following groups:
" Surface floating SASPP (SF SASPP);
" Submerged SASPP (Sub SASPP);
" Combined type SASPP (CT SASPP);
SASPP shall also be classified by the way of supplying impellent power
providing for rotation of the generators.
" Wave-type SASPP (WT SASPP);
" Deepwater-type (DW SASPP);
" Combined type SASPP (CT SASPP).
SF CT SASPP represent a catamaran ship with generators, main and radial
current leads, distribution cabinets and other switching equipment featuring
special explosive containment and waterproof implementation to provide
for reliable and failure-free power supply to the users. This type of
seaborne power plant provides for continuous generation of electrical
power both in case of moderate sea disturbance and fully calm sea independently
from weather conditions.
The following users of the power energy from SASPP are possible: ships,
offshore oil and gas producing enterprising, various seaborne floating
and submerged scientific research complexes and a number of other main
sea power energy users.
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The
International Symposium "Euro-ECO - Hanover 2008" :
OKOLOGISCHE
UND TECHNOLOGISCHE ASPEKTE DER LEBENSVERSORGUNG
18-20.
November 2008.
thesises
of report
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MODERN
DESIGNS OF HIGH-CURRENT CONTACT SYSTEMS WITH COMPOSITE LIQUID-METAL CONTACTS
OF ELECTRIC DEVICES
A.A.Shalaginov
Research
Institute for Marine Systems ltd.,
St.-Petersburg, Russia
The purpose of the
present work lies in working out new designs of high-current contact systems
(HCCS) with composite liquid-metal contacts (CLMC) for electric devices.
It is known, that CLMCs possess a great number of advantages:
" operational life - 3000-5000 and even more switch on/switch off
operations (on-off);
" 100 % silver save;
" liquid metal save;
" minimum transitive electric resistance,
" minimum losses of electric power,
" minimum pressure force,
" absence of electrodynamic kickback forces,
" absence of such phenomena, as welding overе, vibration and contacts
sticking;
" increase in inclination angle relative to horizon does not influences
the CLMC resistance greatly;
" easy to use in conjunction with existing electric devices;
" easy to operate and maintain;
Therefore, the problem of working out new designs of HCCS with CLMC for
modern electric devices is of especially great importance. In the given
work the designs of Shalaginov's HCCSs No. 9 and 10 are presented. These
designs of HCCSs have been made to increase rated current value, to reduce
surface resistance, to improve reliability, to simplify the design and
to increase operational life. Thus, the use of contacting element of composite
structure (made of conductor and non-conductor) in HCCS No. 9 has allowed
for reducing drive mechanism weight i.e. making it lighter and more durable,
accordingly, as well as increasing reliability of switch operation. In
HCCS No 10 changes made in the design of contacting element due to the
increase of its diameter at a distance equal to a half of the distance
between the bottom and top sealing bushes, made it possible to reduce
distance between lateral surface of the contacting element and internal
cavity of the top fixed contact as well as to fill space between them
with liquid metal. As a result, electrical connection has been considerably
improved, surface electric resistance has been decreased and electric
power losses have been decreased as well. The use of contacting element
of composite structure in HCCS No 10 has provided the same advantages,
as in the case with HCCS No. 9.
Based on the results of conducted researches, the present HCCSs with CLMCs
can be recommended for use in electric devices applied in chemical, metallurgical
and a number of other industries.
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WATER-WAVE
OIL SKIMMER
P. Yu. Burtzev
JSC "Medikon LTD" Moscow, Russia
B.
P. Pshenichniy
Interagency
Ichthyologic Commission
Moscow, Russia
A.
A. Shalaginov
Research
Institute for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
Oil and oil products
are the most large scale contaminants for water basins. Over 13 - 14 mln
tones of oil products pollute the World Ocean yearly resulting from leakages,
oil spills and other accidents. Oil contamination spreads out across the
surface of the water basins and forms thin hydrophobic film, which keeps
the water environment from free gases interchange with the atmosphere,
resulting in negative effect on the living organisms. Due to strong molecular
adhesion the oil film is only slightly destroyable and quickly "closes"
when its integrity is damaged.
To collect the oil contamination spot from the surface of the water basin,
slick bars, specialized oil sweepers, skimmer arrangements, various sorbing
agents and germ cultures are used. One of the well-known skimmer arrangements
(the Reinverft arrangement) represents a floating submerged chute hopper,
out of which the water with oil film supplied from the surface is drained
by means of a pump (Nilson-Smith. "Oil and Sea Ecology". Publishing
house: Progress. Moscow. 1977). This and other devices feature a certain
disadvantage: their complex design and inability to work under conditions
of sea disturbance.
We have developed a device intended for collecting oil contamination from
water basin surfaces; this device employs renewable energy of the waves
for operation (Patent of the Russian Federation, No. 6809) - the water-wave
oil skimmer. The device is simple in design. It represents a reservoir
open at both ends, its upper part equipped with circular band from the
inside; this circular band serves as the mounting seat for a light floating
valve.
The reservoir is suspended from a fixed (relative to the waves) base (from
the shore or berth) or from a movable base (awash, from a water craft,
raft, buoy). When suspending the device both from a fixed base and from
the awash foundation, the upper edge of the reservoir crosses the water
boundary, covered with oil film, and appears now under the water and then
above the water surface.
The device intended for collecting oil contamination from the water basin
surface operates in the following manner. The device is placed in the
water at the site where the oil contamination has spread, the upper edge
of the reservoir is submerged into water, the floating valve presses against
the circular band and closes the reservoir. The oil film destroyed while
the device is being installed, recovers its integrity, closing above the
reservoir. When the upper edge of the reservoir appears above the water
basin surface, the valve affected by gravity departs from the circular
band thus performing the opening action, and the water with the oil contamination
spot enters the reservoir.
Light crude oil appears in the upper part of the reservoir under the valve,
and the heavier water is released through the lower end of the reservoir.
When the upper end of the reservoir submerges under the water surface
again, the valve is pressed against the circular band again, closing the
reservoir opening, not allowing the lighter oil to leave the reservoir.
The oil film above the reservoir closes up again. When the reservoir lifts
up above water surface again, the valve opens and the oil contamination
spot enters the reservoir and is accumulated in its upper part under the
valve; the water supplied from the surface is released through the lower
end of the reservoir.
Multiple crossing action of the water boundary up and downwards allows
the reservoir to collect the oil contamination. Given the period of wave,
oil film thickness and volume of the reservoir one can calculate the time
required to fill the reservoir with oil contamination and take timely
actions to drain it by means of a pump into a special tank.
When the operation is complete, the device may be moved to another operation
spot.
The water-wave oil skimmer may be used to collect oil contaminations both
at sites, where such contamination is continuously supplied into the water
basin (in ports, bulk plants), and in open water areas. The device may
also be used to collect both the oil contamination and the floating wastes
from the surface of the water basin. The device can also be used to collect
the sorbent from the water surface, where it has been diffused for oil
gathering.
Prototypes of the water-wave oil skimmer have been tested under laboratory
conditions for proper operation. Our calculations have shown that the
oil skimmer device with a reservoir 1 meter in diameter is capable of
collecting oil contamination spot 3-4 ha in size within 24 hours
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APPLICATION
OF LOW-TEMPERATURE GAS-DISSCHARGE PLASMA OF BARRIER DISCHARGE IN AIR
IN VARIUS TECHNOLOGIES
K.K.
Kim, G. L. Spichkin
Petersburg
State Transport University,
St. Petersburg, Russia
A.A.
Shalaginov
Research Institute for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
It is
known, that at manufacturing electronic devices the requirements to cleanliness
and structure of surfaces of the used materials are of great importance.
The authors have suggested a peculiar technique of surface treatment of
various materials, used in microcircuits, in the volume-type gas-discharge
reactor, which essence is in the fact that low temperature gas-discharge
plasma there is generation of electrons, ions, active nuclear particles
and radicals that can react with molecules of impurities or parent material
on its surface. Besides, molecules of the material surface layer are exposed
to ultra-violet (UV) and soft x-ray radiations generated in a discharge
cathodic layer.
For further metallization (Сr (0.1 ?m) - Сu (5.0 ?m)) and manufacturing
microcircuits according to the developed engineering procedure, treatment
of polished substrate wafers made of polycrystalline aluminum oxide (polycor
ЩЕ 0.78.000Specs) was conducted. The adhesion value has made up (140-150)
?105 Pa that corresponds to cuprum films adhesion values to wafers, cleaned
according to standard technique by boiling in peroxide-ammonia solution.
The value is considered to be sufficient for cuprum films use when manufacturing
microcircuits.
For further microwelding of golden tracks correspondent treatment of microcircuits
contact pads, coated with a layer of metal (Сr (0.1 ?m) - Сu (5.0 ?m)
- Au (2.0 ?m), was conducted. Contact damage of the microcircuits treated
in capacity-type discharge occurred due to the rupture of golden tracks.
On welding spots there remained residue of the golden tracks.
Prior to gluing, surfaces of elements made of fluorine plastic were cleaned.
It is known that unactivated fluorine plastic does not glue. The fluorine
plastic was glued to yellow metal having electroplated coating of nickel,
and stannum and bismuth. During the gluing the use was made of glue ВГ-25-200
with no filler. Tear-apart tests conducted showed that the strength limit
of the adhesive joint for fluorine plastic treated in a special chamber
by pulse volume-type discharge of capacity-type made up 25 kg/cm2. The
main advantages of the procedure are ecological cleanness and low price.
Besides, in reactors experiments on application of low-temperature gas-discharge
plasma of barrier discharge in the air in various technologies were performed:
" for treatment of carbon fibers for the purpose of improvement of
their adhesion to binding medium (epoxy compounds);
" for disinfection and sterilization of documents on thin paper medium;
" for treatment of glasses before their tinting and so on;
" for 2-2.5 times increase in wettability of samples of thin microporous
structures (PVC porous sheet, thin paper etc.).
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IMPROVING
TRIBOCHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMS SLIDING CURRENT COLLECTOR DEVICE OF ELECTROMECHANICAL
CONVERTERS WITH THE HELP OF APPLICATION OF DOUBLE SULFIDE OF MOLYBDENUM
K.K.
Kim, S.L. Kolesov
Petersburg
State Transport University,
St. Petersburg, Russia
A.A.
Shalaginov
Research Institute for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
In the world a considerable quantity of electromechanical converters of
energy with systems of sliding current collector device (SSC) is produced
now. The most widespread kind of an electrical sliding contact is a pair
of -friction (either a brush- collector or a brush-contact ring). Therefore
there is an acute problem of reducing the wear of brushes in driving sliding
contacts. The wear of collectors and rings is tar less than electrical
brushes. There are various methods of reducing the wear. For example,
the use of rigid lubricants with double sulfide of molybdenum is considered
one of the most effective methods. However while using SSC it is necessary
to take into account not only physical-chemical but also electrical singularities
of covers of double sulfide of molybdenum. Known researches were mainly
directed to bring lubricants into the element composition of a pair of
friction.
In this direction SSC frequently work at the effect of an electrical arc
(sparking) and local dot overheatings, that direction is not perspective.
The authors comprehensively investigated and worked out the lubricant
with double sulfide of molybdenum in the form of a brick of rigid lubricant
set on the contact track as an additional brush located separately from
the working brush.
The application of this engineering solution on air starter-generators
by power of 12 KW allowed for reducing the wear of metal-graphite brushes
in a starter regime by 2.5 times.
The use of additional brushes with the double sulfide of molybdenum in
the collector electric motor (AC) by power of 150 W which is used to drive
a household pump, apart from reducing the wear of metal-graphite brushes
by 30-50% resulted in a drop of a sparking level by 1/2 numbers.
The application of an additional double sulfide of molybdenum brush in
the collector motor of an alternating current by power 1.2 KW resulted
in reducing the wear of working brushes by 30-70% At the same time reducing
of a local of radio noise by 12-20 dB at the frequencies of 6-30 MHz happened
too. The application of double sulfide of molybdenum in SSC of asynchronous
electric motors with a phase by at rotor let reduce the wear of brushes
by 2-3 times nominal loads. In this case, the spectrum of upper harmonics
induced in the rotor essentially reduced.
As the results of these investigations the mathematical models permitting
to predict the wear of electrobrushes at application of double sulfide
of molybdenum have been composed.
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Das
Internationale Symposium "Euro-ECO - Hanover 2011" :
OKOLOGISCHE,
TECHNOLOGISCHE UND RECHTLICHE
21-22.
November 2008.
thesises
of report
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IMPROVED
HEAVY-CURRENT CONTACT CONNECTION
V.L.
Belyaev, A.A. Shalaginov
North-West
State Open Technical University
Saint-Petersburg, Russia
The
work is devoted to the research of heavy-current contact systems (HCS)
used at electrolyzed enterprises of chemical and metallurgical industries.
The purpose of the future work is to make the construction simpler to
economize materials and non-ferrous metals to make the transition resistance
lower and more stable and to economize electrical energy at bus arrangements
of electrolysis units of the following types BGK-100, DM-100, BGK-50/25,
KB.10.86 and others.
The heavy-current contact systems are represented by single copper or
aluminum busses being the main part of bus arrangements of electrolysis
units which consist of anode connection of the electrolysis unit, HCS
and cathode terminal of the next electrolysis unit.
Due to usage of conductive pastes and lubricants in the HCS joints with
anode and cathode terminals as well as due to increase of contact area
and insulation zone of the entire contact from the surrounding space,
transition resistance is not increasing and the initial minimum value
of the transition resistance is preserved for a long time.
In addition to that the modernized HCS system has been developed and adopted
which possesses the lower number of parallel buses of bigger cross section.
This property has given the possibility to reduce the heat losses in the
HCS system.
The technical and economic advantage is determined by the economy of non-ferrous
metals by means of reducing the number of copper buses from 20 standard
copper items with the cross-section 120 х 12 mm2, which are located in
couples one over the other up to 10 single copper buses of the bigger
cross-section which are located nearby with the cross-section 120 х 18
mm2, and reduction and stabilization of the transition resistance due
to the usage of conductive pastes and lubricants.
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ADVANCED
WAVE SKIMMERS
B.P. Pshenichniy
FSI "Interdepartmental Commission of Ichthyology"
Moscow, Russia
A. A. Shalaginov
Research Institute for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
Collection of oil spilled over the water surface becomes a major issue
to be resolved. Most of the existing devices intended for collection
of oil spills from water (skimmers) are mechanical or electric pumps
for operation of which the traditional energy sources are required.
Such devices are usually expensive, bulky, require constant maintenance,
communications supply and may not be quickly delivered to the site of
an oil spill and used along the coasts in shallow areas.
We have developed a device that uses the energy of the surface waves
of water bodies to collect oil spills from water (RF patent No. 6809).
The unit is a tank opened at both ends with a circular rim at the upper
end to which the floating valve of spherical shape is connected. The
tank is suspended from the sides of the subjects swaying on the waves
(from a boat, raft, etc.) or from fixed ones (from a pier, berth). When
moving up and down on the waves the upper edge of the device's tank
periodically crosses the water edge - goes over the surface of the tank
and then dips into the water. Following up and down movements of the
tank, the floating valve opens the tank allowing oil pollution from
the water surface to enter into it, then it closes the tank and prevents
contamination of leakage from the tank to the surface. The water that
entered into the tank together with oil contamination from the water
surface, is poured over the lower edge of the tank, and the oil pollution
is accumulated under the floating valve.
In order to improve the design, we have developed devices characterized
by the presence of rails inside the tank (RF patent No. 77 297), ensuring
smooth running of floating valve and its close fit to the seat, preventing
distortions of the valve and the possibility its sticking, and by presence
of viewing windows (RF patent No. 76 349), allowing for visual control
over filling of the tank with oil pollution.
Another our device has a floating valve with a hole in the center, which
is closed with screw cup (RF patent No. 76 350), which is designed to
pump the oil pollution tank into any floating vessel. It is proposed
to install sensors on the inner wall of the tank in our next device
in order to transmit the information about filling of the tank and the
need to pump the oil pollution out of it (RF patent No. 90 807).
To increase the area of collection of oil pollution, it is proposed
to equip the tank of other device for the collection of oil pollution
with ring bell mouth (RF patent No. 89 537), which allows to increase
productivity by 10-20%.
We have developed another device for collecting oil pollution from the
surface of water bodies that also uses the wave energy, the tank of
which is retained on the surface of the water reservoir by floating
belt (RF patent No. 81 970). The advantage of this device is that it
should not be hung from any subject. Such a device could be "thrown"
in the oil spill, for example, from a ship or helicopter.
All of the above devices are simple in design, do not require traditional
energy sources, and require no maintenance and communications; besides,
they do not pollute the environment. They can be used to collect the
oil pollution and floating debris from water, as well as to collect
the sorbents used to eliminate contaminants. Such devices can be used
on the high seas and in the coastal areas, in shallow waters, at ports
and at the tank farms.
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HEAVY-CURRENT
CONTACT SYSTEMS WITH COMPOSITE LIQUID-METAL CONTACTS OF
THE ELECTRICAL APPARATUSES OF SHALAGINOV
A. A. Shalaginov
Research Institute for Marine Systems Ltd.
St. Petersburg, Russia
The
aim of the present study is the development of new designs for heavy-current
contact systems (HCS) with composite liquid-metal contacts (CLC) for
electrical apparatuses.
It is known, that CLCs possess a great number of advantages:
" operational life - 3000-5000 and even more switch on/switch off
operations (on-off);
" 100% savings on silver;
" Savings on liquid metal;
" Minimum transient resistance,
" Minimum electrical power loss,
" Minimum press force,
" Absence of electrodynamic kickback forces,
" Absence of such phenomena, as welding, vibration and sealing
of contacts;
" Increase in inclination angle relative to horizon does not influences
the CLC resistance greatly;
" Easy to use in conjunction with existing electrical apparatus;
" Easy to operate and maintain; Because of the above, the task
of developing new design of HCS with CLC for modern electrical apparatus
appears to be of high priority. Shalaginov's designs of HCS Nos. 4 -
6 are presented in the present study. These HCS designs were developed
to ensure further increase in rated current value, decrease of transient
resistance, growing reliability, simplified design and longer operational
lifetime. In this regard, the electrical contact between the side surfaces
of the inner cavities of the fixed bridge and the contact element in
these systems is performed in different ways: For HCS No. 4 this is
realized by means of roller contacts and for HCS No. 5 - via liquid
metal, for HCS No. 6 - by means of flexible metallic bonding. Based
on the results of the research accomplished these designs of HCS with
CLC may be recommended for application in electrical apparatus, specified
for chemical industry, metallurgy and other segments of industry. This
year we received three new patents for utility models. It Russian patent
№ 105 069 heavy-current contact system № 4 Shalaginov; Russian patent
№ 105 070 heavy-current contact system № 5 Shalaginov and Russian patent
№ 102 841 heavy-current contact system № 6 Shalaginov.
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